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SOAP FORMULATION

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INTRODUCTION : Soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Household uses for soaps include washing, bathing and other types of housekeeping, where soaps act as surfactants, emulsifying oils to enable them to be carried away by water. An excavation of ancient Babylon revealed evidence that Babylonians were making soaps around 2800 B.C. they made soap from fats boiled with ashes. Soap was used in cleaning wool and cotton used in textile manufacture. The French chemist Eugene-Michel Chevreul put the soap-forming process ( saponification) into concrete chemical term in 1823. Saponification is a process of hydrolysis of fats and oils to produce glycerol and fatty acid salts from the reaction of triglyceride with a strong base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, but in this experiment , sodium hydroxide is used.The production of soap also can be enhanced by adding fragrance and colourant. Soap was made with industrial processes by the end of 19th  century. METHODOLOGY : Chemicals:
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LIPSTICK FORMULATION

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INTRODUCTION :    Cosmetic are incredibly in demand since historical time until today. For instance, lipstick. Lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments, oils, waxes and emollients that apply color, texture and protection to the lips.  There are many colors and types of lipstick exist. As with most types of makeup, lipstick is typically, but not exclusively, worn by women. Some lipsticks are also lip balms to add color and hydration.        Lipstick formulations are most widely used to enhance the beauty of lips and to add glamour touch to the make up. Lipsticks are cosmetics formulations for modification or accentuation of lip color. Lipstick provide a convenient means of either freshening a makeup by coloring or protection of lips from the effects of cold, dry weather, UV light and wind.      In the formulation of lipstick, ingredients such as the pigments, oil, waxes and emollients play an important role in giving the desired product and each function
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